1944 · CLOSE READING
The Book of Thoth
The Book of Thoth (1944), PDF p. 30
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III
THE TAROT AND THE UNIVERSE
THE TAROT is a Pictorial representation of the Forces of Nature as conceived by the
Ancients according to a conventional symbolism.
The Sun is a star. Around him revolve a number of bodies called planets, including the
Moon, a satellite of the Earth.
These bodies revolve in one direction only. The Solar system is not a sphere, but a
wheel. The planets do not remain in exact alignment but swing to a certain (comparatively
small) extent from one side of the true plane to the other. Their orbits are elliptical.
The Ancients imagined this wheel very much more clearly than modern minds are
wont to do. They paid particular attention to the imaginary rim. Within the limits of this rim,
they conceived that the Fixed Stars beyond were in a special way connected with the apparent
motion of the Sun. This rim or belt of the wheel they called the Zodiac. The constellations out‐
side this belt did not seem to them to matter so much to mankind, because they were not in
the direct line of the great whirling force of the wheel. (T.A.R.O. = R.O.T.A. = wheel.)
THEORIES OF THE ANCIENTS
1. In old times, it was supposed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. The
Heavens being above the Earth—they did not realise them as being equally below it—they
were accounted as of the Divine Nature. And as they recognised imperfections and irregular‐
ity in mundane affairs, they thought that the movements of the Heavenly Bodies, which they
observed to be regular, must be perfect.
They then started some a priori thinking. Their mathematicians had the idea that a Cir‐
cle was a perfect figure; therefore (they said, with characteristic theological reasoning) all
heavenly bodies must move in circles.1 This religious assumption caused great trouble to the
astronomers. As their measurements became more extended and accurate, they found it in‐
creasingly difficult to reconcile observation with theory, at least to do so without putting
themselves to vast inconvenience in their calculations. So they invented “cycles” and “epicy‐
cles” to explain the observed movements. Ultimately Copernicus was goaded by this annoy‐
ance to suggest that it would really be very much more convenient (if only the idea were not
so wicked) to imagine that the Sun, and not the Earth, was the
1They did not understand that the Circle is only one case of the Ellipse: that in which the foci coincide.
centre of the System.
In mathematics there are no fixed facts. Bertrand Russell says that in this subject “no‐
body knows what he is talking about, and it matters to nobody whether he is right or wrong”.
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